American courts, especially state courts, aren’t known for being on the forefront of technology, and the rules set by state and federal courts have limited the use of some modern technology that many of us take for granted in our personal and professional lives. But the COVID-19 outbreak left courts with little alternative; it was either stop the judicial system in its tracks or adjust the rules. This forced the adoption of some efficiencies that many lawyers had been hoping for, and now hope are here to stay. This article discusses those changes and the impact they are having on the judicial process.

Read the PDF of the article published in the Journal of Emerging Issues in Litigation

Author

Alison Arden Besunder

Alison Arden Besunder, Esq. is Chair in the Trusts & Estates Planning and Fiduciary Litigation group at Goetz Fitzpatrick. She has extensive experience and focuses her practice in the areas of Trusts & Estate Planning, Guardianship, Estate Litigation, Commercial Litigation, Elder Law, and Business Succession Planning.

LEARN MORE >

While alternative dispute resolution has been successful in Surrogate’s Courts, Article 81 guardianship proceedings present unique challenges relating to an alleged incapacitated person.

Read the PDF of the article published in the New York Law Journal

Author

Alison Arden Besunder

Alison Arden Besunder, Esq. is Chair in the Trusts & Estates Planning and Fiduciary Litigation group at Goetz Fitzpatrick. She has extensive experience and focuses her practice in the areas of Trusts & Estate Planning, Guardianship, Estate Litigation, Commercial Litigation, Elder Law, and Business Succession Planning.

LEARN MORE >

A focus on how the pandemic has affected litigators and litigation practices, which developments may and should be here to stay, and some best practices for navigating the new normal of virtual advocacy, whether in discovery or in trials.

Read the PDF of the article published in the New York Law Journal

Author

Alison Arden Besunder

Alison Arden Besunder, Esq. is Chair in the Trusts & Estates Planning and Fiduciary Litigation group at Goetz Fitzpatrick. She has extensive experience and focuses her practice in the areas of Trusts & Estate Planning, Guardianship, Estate Litigation, Commercial Litigation, Elder Law, and Business Succession Planning.

LEARN MORE >

Suffolk County Electrical Contractor’s Association (SCECA), “The Light.”

In the course of their profession, while contractors often perform work directly for a property owner (landlord), there are also occasions where the contractor performs work directly for the landlord’s tenant. Indeed, the landlord may or may not know that the contractor is performing work for the tenant. The question is this – if the tenant does not pay the contractor, can the contractor file a mechanic’s lien against the landlord’s (fee simple) interest in the property or can the contractor file a mechanic’s lien against the tenant’s (leasehold) interest in the property? In essence, the contractor would want the most protection for its unpaid work, so the value of the landlord’s property is better protection than the value of the tenant’s interest in the property.

New York’s Lien Law § 3, provides that:

A contractor, subcontractor [and other listed protected categories of people] who performs labor or furnishes materials for the improvement of real property with the consent or at the request of the owner … or of his agent … shall have a lien for the principal and interest, of the value, or the agreed price, of such labor … from the time of filing a notice of such lien….

A lessee (tenant) is deemed to be an “owner” under the Lien Law. Therefore, a lessee’s leasehold interest in rented property (as opposed to an owner/landlord’s fee interest in the same property) can be the subject of a mechanic’s lien.

Moreover, if the landlord consents to a tenant’s improvement, a mechanic’s lien is properly placed on the fee interest of the landlord’s property. So, the next question is – what constitutes a landlord’s consent so the contractor can lien the interest of the landlord, not just the tenant. This question was not always addressed adequately by courts, so there is often a gray area leaving contractors and landlord’s unsure about liens on the property.

In late 2018, New York State’s highest court, the Court of Appeals, decided Ferrara v. Peaches Café LLC and clarified the law in New York on this issue.

The landlord in Ferrara leased space in which the tenant was to build and operate a restaurant. Under the lease, several requirements were imposed on the tenant with respect to the construction-related electrical work. In fact, the lease provided that the tenant “shall”: retain a competent electrical contractor; obtain consent before making any improvements; provide the landlord with detailed plans and specifications (including electrical plans); and revise design drawings “according to any proposed changes.”

Moreover, the restaurant could not open for business unless the improvements were completed in accordance with the lease terms, including obtaining a certificate of completion in accordance with those terms. Clearly, the landlord was extremely involved in the improvement. As stated, the lease also contained detailed requirements for the electrical work that was the subject of the lien challenged by the landlord as improper.

The tenant contracted with the lienor, an electrical contractor, to perform the work, which was satisfactorily completed. Unfortunately for the tenant and the electrical contractor, the restaurant failed and the tenant was evicted within a few months of opening. The electrical contractor lienor was owed over $50,000 and, thereafter, filed a lien against the tenant and the landlord. The electrical contractor also commenced a lawsuit to foreclose the lien. The lower court dismissed the lawsuit and the lien, stating that the electrical contractor could not file its lien against the fee simple interest of the landlord. The next level of the court system upheld the lower court’s decision that the lien was improper and invalid.

However, recognizing that the Lien Law should be liberally construed to protect contractors, the Court of Appeals rejected the landlord’s argument that “a contractor working for a tenant may not place a lien on a landlord’s property unless landlord has ‘expressly’ or ‘directly’ consented to the work.”

The Court of Appeals determined that “[t]o enforce a lien under Lien Law § 3, a contractor performing work for a tenant need not have any direct relationship with the property owner.”  Instead, the Court of Appeals held that such an owner’s liability could be imposed if the landlord is “an affirmative factor in procuring the improvement to be made, or [in] having possession and control of the premises assent[s] to the improvement in the expectation that he will reap the benefit of it.”

The Court of Appeals also held that the Lien Law requires more than “passive acquiescence” on the part of the owner – who must consent or require that the improvement be made – before a lien may be properly placed on the owner’s interest in the property.

So here, the Court of Appeals placed a minimum standard for a contractor to be able to lien the landlord’s interest in the property. In Ferrara, the electrical work was expressly authorized by the lease and was required to open the restaurant. Moreover, the lease language also provided that the landlord was supervising the work and was permitted to exercise some control over the work “by reviewing, commenting on, revising, and granting ultimate approval for the design drawings related to the electrical work.” Therefore, under the facts in Ferrara, the facts were sufficient to demonstrate necessary “consent.”

In summary, the ability for a contractor to file a lien, not just against the leaseholder’s interest in the property but also against the landlord’s interest, will be fact dependent. Also, as demonstrated in the Ferrara decision, landlords face increased potential liability for work done for their tenants when they impose certain protective lease language concerning work performed on their property.

Author

Michael D. Ganz

LEARN MORE >

NYSBA

ar•ti•fi•cial in•tel•li•gence

/ ärdē’fiSHēl inētelējēns/

Noun

1. the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages

If you are reading this article, you may already be wondering if a robot will replace you as a lawyer. With 118 million hits yielded from a Google search of artificial intelligence, it is safe to assume you have by now encountered this ubiquitous buzzword du jour. Much of the conversation gives dire warnings about artificial intelligence with Elon Musk predicting it will be the “end of civilization” and that “we’re summoning the demon,” and Stephen Hawking having said it will “spell the end of the human race.” Many of you may not know what the phrase “artificial intelligence” (AI) actually means or refers to, but may be too overwhelmed to ask. Indeed, this may be the greatest danger of AI: that people conclude too early that they understand it. AI will ultimately impact the legal profession by automating repetitive tasks. Some of the ways that AI is already being implemented by law firms are mentioned below. First, however, some preliminary context to what AI actually is, and is not, will hopefully render the field less overwhelming to the uninitiated.

What is AI?

“Artificial intelligence would be the ultimate version of Google. The ultimate search engine that would understand everything on the web. It would understand exactly what you wanted, and it would give you the right thing. We’re nowhere near doing that now. However, we can get incrementally closer to that, and that is basically what we work on.” Larry Page, cofounder of Google

The AI boom is driven by a field known as “machine learning” that trains computers to perform tasks based on examples rather than human-driven programming. Some credit its birth to a summer conference in 1956 on artificial intelligence, which coined the name. In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeated chess world champion Garry Kasparov (unlike the 1983 movie War Games, it did not result in the brink of nuclear annihilation; 20 years later, we continue to rely on human decision-making to provide us with that paralyzing fear).

Panelists at ALM’s Legal TechLegal Week articulated various definitions:

•  “(1) A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers; (2) the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.”
• “Taking information and applying it to technology to teach machines to think on their own without human prompting.”

• “AI utilizes learning algorithms that derive meaning out of data by using hierarchy of multiple layers that mimic the neural networks of the brain.”

• “AI is the use of technology to automate or augment human thought.”

• “Machine learning is the computers’ ability to learn without being explicitly programmed to do so.”

One thing that appears to be agreed upon is that there is no one way to define AI, although each definition seems to be saying the same thing. The most effective way to illustrate the answer to the question “What is AI?” is to focus less on the definition and more on the technologies available and in use today, with an eye toward the projections of what may be possible tomorrow.

How Does AI Work?

There is often a sense that AI is “manna from heaven,” which it is not. The truth is that AI is not new; the discussion has been ongoing for decades. What is new are the ways in which it is being developed and adopted in the real world today, where there is exponentially more available recorded data than ever before. Noted one panelist for a tech company at Legal Tech Week, “By 2020, there will be as many data bytes as stars in the universe.” Said another, “In 10 years, data will double every eight hours.”

The general vision of AI is out of Hollywood, derived from the Terminator movies and Spielberg’s 2001 movie A.I. Raised on this vision of the fictional future, it is tempting to conclude that, once in motion, the robots will overtake us, removing any human autonomy or decision-making capability. The temptation should be resisted. Technology can enhance human abilities and limitations imposed by time. Through that lens, AI is better defined as “augmented intelligence,” a tool that, if (when) deployed properly, will make lawyers more efficient and allow us to return to what we went to law school to do strategize, analyze, and advise on the law, not just generate more paper.

The promise of AI is that the technology will be capable of taking large quantities of data and detecting patterns and trends, synthesizing the data in a condensed time frame in a way that humans cannot. AI is best suited for any type of task that can be repeatable.

A quote attributed to Einstein is, “If I had an hour to solve a problem I’d spend 55 minutes thinking about the problem and five minutes thinking about solutions.” The application of AI without a problem to solve will be an exercise of futility. Once the problem to be solved is identified, the next step is to determine the scope of data being fed to the machine. Think “garbage in, garbage out.” Too much data can overwhelm the process. Limited data can lead to bias. If the data set used is not properly targeted, the result can be suboptimal, if not worthless. It is reasonable to believe that in a post-Zubulake world, once AI is adopted in litigation, most of the attention will be drawn toward the scope of the data set, similar to present debates over algorithms used in ediscovery.

Some examples of current uses of AI are instructive.

In Montgomery County, Ohio, a juvenile court judge worked with IBM’s Watson as part of a pilot program. The judge’s typical daily docket included 30 to 35 juveniles, each of whom he could only allot 5 to 7 minutes based on 600 pages of data for each juvenile offender. Said the judge, the AI synthesized the data on each individual to a three-page summary of the data he was looking for, helping to “retrieve more information in a more concise way to allow me to treat the children and the families I serve.”

LegalMation, also using IBM Watson technology, partnered with a leading global retailer to automate their response to lawsuits. After uploading a complaint, the software generated a draft answer, initial set of document requests, form interrogatories and special interrogatories within two minutes, a task typically delegated to a junior attorney. In China, an AI tool named Xiaofa greets visitors to a Beijing court, guides them to the correct service window, and can handle more than 40,000 litigation questions and 30,000 legal issues in everyday language.

Existing technologies within reach, like Casetext’s CARA and Ross Intelligence’s “Eva,” help condense and synthesize data from case law to provide you with summaries and research memos. CARA can help identify the cases that your adversary’s brief omitted so that you can highlight them in your response. Ross Intelligence’s AI program, based on the IBM Watson platform, is already being used by major law firms such as Dentons and Latham & Watkins. Kira is able to extract 400 data points in contracts to extract key information like terms, price, parties, governing law, assignment, etc., without reading through hundreds of pages of M&A documents. These are over-the-counter applications already in popular use today.

On the other hand, there is real and legitimate cause for concern that deploying AI in the context of criminal sentencing or to “predict” recidivism will be racially biased against African-Americans and other minorities. This stands to reason, since the data set is fraught with contextual socioeconomic factors that a human might discern and consider but that an AI program might not. In that context, bias in data will perpetuate more bias. Still, AI also poses the positive potential to assist with exoneration of the wrongfully convicted.

Lawyers are risk averse by nature and training. AI should be viewed with a healthy dose of skepticism, with particular focus on implicit and explicit bias manifesting itself into the machine-learning algorithms, which can happen when human judgment and bias are encoded into the program. There will not be a “one size fits all” application of AI. However, the technology industry is waiting for lawyers to tell them what and what not to build. Though it is tempting to simply prohibit AI in its entirety because of its complexity, doing so would be like banning fire because it sometimes burns people. The task that lies ahead for lawyers and the bar is to examine the potential and provide a framework and guiding set of principles that, hopefully, can help shape the development of the technology by communicating with the existing innovators in this space. Efforts are already underway to grapple with the standards and enforcement of accountability in this space.

Will a Robot Take My Job?

The fear, stoked by the media, is that robots will replace lawyers. Lawyers do not have the exclusive monopoly on this anxiety: Salespersons, pharmacists, analysts and others share this concern. For fun, visit www.willrobotstakemyjob.com (www.willrobotstakemyjob.com), which assuages that fear, calculating only a 3.5 percent risk that a robot will replace lawyers (Automation Risk Level: “Totally Safe”). Medical and clinical laboratory technologists, on the other hand, have an Automation Risk Level of “You Are Doomed” at 90 percent probability of automation, as do accountants, auditors, and billing and posting clerks who compile, compute and record billing, accounting, statistical and numerical data.

Lawyers should be focused on innovative ways to harness the promise of AI technology. It can be deployed to perform the tasks that lawyers should not be billing to clients, making lawyers “better, faster, cheaper.” Properly implemented, AI will assist lawyers by providing us with the ability to make better decisions based on enhanced analysis of data in less time, freeing lawyers to devote time to substantive rather than repetitive tasks. For those who can draw insights from structured and unstructured data it can give them a valuable competitive advantage. It can present strategies for change that can enhance client service and client relationships in the private sector, and access to justice in the public sector. The correct use of the technology in the right areas will allow lawyers to do more in less time.

The billable hour as the measurement of value for a lawyer’s work has been long overdue for a disruption. So much of what lawyers do is tied to how much one can physically take in a finite amount of time, whether 80 or 100 hours a week, and how many all-nighters one can withstand. A computer never tires and will “brute force” its way through massive amounts of data, without the need for an expensed dinner and a car service home. If AI can take the robot out of the lawyer and make the practice more about the strategic and intellectual analysis, then we should not necessarily “fear the (AI) reaper.”

Like it or not, AI will eventually change the manner and measure in which legal services are provided, and, ideally, bring us to a future with the ability to make radically better decisions and recommendations.

What Should I Do Now?

Certainly, regulatory oversight of AI is needed “just to make sure that we don’t do something very foolish.” The law requires deliberation, consideration, and analysis, a vetting process that requires more time than the exponential pace of technological developments allows. In this regard, the NYSBA Committee on Technology and the Legal Profession is divided into topic-specific subcommittees devoted to the salient aspects of technology and the law, particularly how they impact the practice of law. The Artificial Intelligence Subcommittee continues to explore issues implicated by the growing use of AI to deliver legal services and decide legal disputes, and seeks to identify challenges posed by AI and how the legal profession and courts should respond to those challenges to protect the public, access to justice, and the profession.

The ethical rules require lawyers to continue to educate themselves on technological developments. Those developments evolve quickly. The webinar series is intentionally designed to help fulfill this requirement on what can seem a daunting topic, and provide the tools to understand the issues presented beyond the “hype.” We hope to see you “online” when you tune in for the series.

Author

Alison Arden Besunder

Alison Arden Besunder, Esq. is Chair in the Trusts & Estates Planning and Fiduciary Litigation group at Goetz Fitzpatrick. She has extensive experience and focuses her practice in the areas of Trusts & Estate Planning, Guardianship, Estate Litigation, Commercial Litigation, Elder Law, and Business Succession Planning.

LEARN MORE >

ABA Section of Litigation, News & Developments

A New York federal court required a non-resident employee to arbitrate his claims in New York based on his agreement to do so. However, it refused to enjoin the lawsuit the employee filed against his employer in the employee’s home state. Hermés of Paris, Inc. v. Swain, No. 16-cv-6255(CM), 2016 WL 4990340 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 13, 2016).

Swain, a New Jersey resident, signed an employment agreement when he took a position in a Hermés retail store located in New Jersey. Swain believed that during the course of his employment at the Hermés store, he had been a victim of sexual orientation discrimination, a hostile work environment, and retaliation. Although the employment agreement contained an arbitration provision stating that disputes arising out of Swain’s employment would be resolved by arbitration in New York City, Swain commenced litigation against Hermés in New Jersey state court.

Hermés responded by filing a petition in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, seeking orders compelling Swain to arbitrate and enjoining the New Jersey state-court litigation. Swain opposed the petition on the grounds that the New York court did not have personal jurisdiction over him nor subject matter jurisdiction over his claims, and that he did not knowingly enter into the agreement to arbitrate.

The court ruled that it has the authority to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act because it has subject matter and personal jurisdiction over the dispute. Subject matter jurisdiction was based upon diversity—established by virtue of Swain (a New Jersey resident) and Hermés (a French company with headquarters in New York) being citizens of different states—and the amount in controversy exceeding $75,000 because Swain might obtain a greater amount in the arbitration. The court held that it also had personal jurisdiction over Swain since the employment agreement provided that arbitration would take place in New York City and a party who agrees to arbitrate in a particular jurisdiction consents to both personal jurisdiction and venue of the courts within that jurisdiction. The court rejected Swain’s assertion that he did not consent to arbitration because the employment agreement boldly stated, directly above Swain’s signature block, that his signature meant he had read the agreement, understood it, and was voluntarily entering into it. Accordingly, the court granted Hermés’s petition to compel arbitration.

However, the court declined to grant Hermés’s request to enjoin proceedings in the New Jersey state court. Hermés pointed to two exceptions to the Anti-Injunction Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2283, that allow federal courts to enjoin state-court proceedings “where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction” or “to protect or effectuate its judgments.” Citing case law outside the Second Circuit, the court held that these exceptions were inapplicable because the “mere existence of a parallel action in state court does not rise to the level of interference with federal jurisdiction to permit injunctive relief” and because the court had not issued or been asked to issue an order creating a judgment which required an injunction to enforce it.

Practice Pointer

Although it might be tempting to seek refuge from an improperly-filed state-court litigation in the federal court located where the arbitration should be held, it is more efficient to seek orders both compelling arbitration and dismissing the action in the state court where the litigation was filed.

Author

Scott D. Simon

Scott D. Simon represents companies and individuals in bankruptcy proceedings, complex commercial and construction litigation, and general corporate matters. During law school, Scott was Associate Editor of the Fordham Law Review. He has authored multiple publications for the ABA Section of Litigation News & Developments, Real Estate Weekly, and Fordham Law Review.

LEARN MORE >

ABA Section of Litigation, News & Developments

When a contract contains multiple severable agreements to arbitrate-including an agreement that the arbitrator itself will determine arbitrability-a party seeking to challenge the contract’s enforceability must challenge the specific arbitration clause at issue. Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2015). In short, you need to attack an arbitration provision with a rifle, not a shotgun.

Brennan signed an employment agreement when he took an executive position with Opus Bank. The employment agreement provided that Brennan could terminate his employment for “Good Reason” and receive a substantial severance payment. Brennan believed there had been a material negative change in his work responsibilities, so he sent Opus Bank a Notice of Termination with Good Reason. Opus Bank hired an independent attorney to investigate whether Brennan’s termination was in fact for Good Reason. After receiving the attorney’s report, Opus Bank determined that Brennan lacked Good Reason to terminate his employment, so Opus Bank advised Brennan that it considered his Notice of Termination as a voluntary resignation, for which Brennan would not be entitled to a severance payment.

Although the employment agreement contained an arbitration provision, Brennan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in federal court, arguing that his causes of action should be resolved by litigation, not arbitration, because the arbitration provisions were unconscionable, and therefore unenforceable.

Opus Bank responded with a motion to strike Brennan’s complaint and a motion to compel arbitration. The bank’s motions argued that like the parties’ dispute over Brennan’s termination, the unconscionability of the arbitration clause had to be decided by the arbitrator. The bank asserted that the court lacked jurisdiction because the employment agreement expressly incorporated the Rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA), one of which states that the “arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the … validity of the arbitration agreement.” The district court granted the bank’s motion and dismissed the complaint.

On appeal, the Ninth Circuit made two complementary findings. First, the court held that incorporation of the AAA rules constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence that the contracting parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability. Having made the first determination, the court noted that the parties’ contract effectively contained three agreements: (1) Brennan’s employment agreement, (2) the arbitration clause, and (3) the incorporation of the AAA rules that delegates enforceability questions to the arbitrator.

Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 130 S.Ct. 2772, 177 L.Ed.2d 403 (2010), the court held that when a contract contains multiple, severable agreements to arbitrate, it is critical for a party challenging one of the nested provisions to do so specifically, rather than merely challenging the arbitration clause as a whole. Because Brennan’s contract with the bank was about employment, not exclusively about arbitration, Brennan was required to specifically challenge the enforceability of the provision delegating arbitrability questions to the arbitrator in order to bring the dispute within the court’s purview. Since he did not do so, the court upheld the dismissal of his complaint.

Practice Pointer

An agreement incorporating the AAA rules that delegate enforceability questions to the arbitrator contains multiple layers of arbitration provisions-both an agreement to arbitrate and an agreement to delegate questions of enforceability to the arbitrator. For a court to hear a dispute over enforceability, therefore, a party must specifically attack the contract’s delegation provision.

Keywords

alternative dispute resolution, adr, litigation, Federal Arbitration Act, delegation, arbitrability

Author

Scott D. Simon

Scott D. Simon represents companies and individuals in bankruptcy proceedings, complex commercial and construction litigation, and general corporate matters. During law school, Scott was Associate Editor of the Fordham Law Review. He has authored multiple publications for the ABA Section of Litigation News & Developments, Real Estate Weekly, and Fordham Law Review.

LEARN MORE >

ABA Section of Litigation, News & Developments

A party who agrees to arbitrate cannot avoid an adverse arbitration award by ignoring the arbitration proceedings. Merchant Cash & Capital, LLC v. Ko, Case No.14 Civ. 659(KPF) (S.D.N.Y. June 19, 2015).

Ko operated an auto body shop. He contracted with Merchant Cash, a company that purchases receivables from other businesses, taking $140,000 in exchange for his agreement to turn over $163,800 of his sales to Merchant Cash. As required by the parties’ agreement, Ko opened a designated bank account and used a special credit card processing company for his business transactions. After turning over approximately $5,500 of his sales receivables to Merchant Cash, Ko abruptly closed the bank account, stopped using the credit card terminal, and refused to make further payments to Merchant Cash.

Merchant Cash filed a breach of contract lawsuit. Following the parties’ agreement to arbitrate, the court entered an order staying the lawsuit pending arbitration before the AAA. After initial arbitration pleadings had been filed, Ko’s attorney withdrew as Ko’s counsel. The arbitrator issued orders urging Ko to obtain new counsel and advising him that if Ko chose not to participate in the arbitration, the matter might be heard and an award granted anyway.

Ko did not respond to the arbitrator’s orders, nor to subsequent communications regarding discovery and other matters related to the proceedings. The arbitrator notified Ko of preliminary hearings, sought opposition papers from him, and scheduled the final hearing. Ko did not participate in any part of the arbitration.

After considering what evidence he had before him, the arbitrator awarded the outstanding balance to Merchant Cash. Merchant Cash then returned to court and filed a motion for summary judgment confirming the arbitrator’s award. Ko did not oppose the motion or otherwise appear in the litigation.

The court examined Merchant Cash’s submission in depth even though Ko had failed to respond. The court noted that a high showing is needed to avoid summary confirmation of an arbitration award, such as one of the four statutory bases enumerated in the FAA, or that the arbitrator has acted in manifest disregard of the law.

The court held that Ko did not contest the facts set forth in the petition to confirm the award, the arbitrator did his best to include both parties in the arbitration proceedings, and had even provided a reasoned decision for his award, and none of the grounds for vacating the award under the FAA were present. Because both parties had an opportunity to participate fully in the arbitration and Ko had not challenged the award’s legal sufficiency, the court granted Merchant Cash’s motion for summary judgment and entered judgment against Ko in accordance with the arbitrator’s award.

Practice Pointer

Parties ignore arbitration proceedings at their peril. Refusing to participate in an arbitration will not prevent an arbitration award against that party once it has agreed to arbitrate. Given courts’ great deference to arbitration awards, it is essential for a respondent to present its defense on the merits during the arbitration.

Keywords

alternative dispute resolution, adr, litigation, Federal Arbitration Act, confirmation of award, participation in proceedings

Author

Scott D. Simon

Scott D. Simon represents companies and individuals in bankruptcy proceedings, complex commercial and construction litigation, and general corporate matters. During law school, Scott was Associate Editor of the Fordham Law Review. He has authored multiple publications for the ABA Section of Litigation News & Developments, Real Estate Weekly, and Fordham Law Review.

LEARN MORE >

ABA Section of Litigation, News & Developments

A patient who signed an arbitration agreement with a medical facility cannot compel a doctor at that facility who did not sign the agreement to arbitrate. Walker v. Collyer, 9 N.E.3d 854 (Mass. App. Ct., Suffolk, 2014 ).

Collyer was admitted to a medical facility following hip replacement surgery. At the time of his admission, Collyer and the facility entered into an arbitration agreement. The agreement provided that it would cover the parties as well as the facility’s employees and agents. Walker worked at the facility both as an attending physician and as its rehab program’s medical director.

Walker conducted a physical examination of Collyer and discharged him three days later. Less than three days after Collyer was discharged, he died when a blood clot traveled to his lung. Collyer’s family brought an arbitration proceeding against Walker and the facility alleging medical malpractice. The arbitrator determined that Walker was bound by the arbitration agreement between the facility and Collyer.

Walker commenced an action in Massachusetts Superior Court seeking relief from the arbitrator’s order. The superior court affirmed the arbitrator’s decision requiring that Walker submit to the arbitration proceeding. Walker appealed.

In the appeals court, Collyer asserted exceptions to the general rule binding parties to arbitration agreements only if they have signed them. First, Collyer raised the “direct benefits estoppal” exception, which allows a signatory to compel a nonsignatory to arbitrate when the nonsignatory knowingly exploits an agreement containing an arbitration clause. Collyer argued that because Walker could have enforced the agreement as an agent of the facility, and because Walker received income from the facility for treating Collyer, Walker received benefits from the agreement. Collyer also cited the “agency” exception, arguing that Walker was bound by the clause in the agreement that said it included agents of the facility.

Relying on the tests laid out by Federal courts interpreting the Federal Arbitration Act, the appeals court rejected Collyer’s arguments. The court found that Walker would have had the opportunity to treat Collyer irrespective of whether Collyer signed the agreement because signing the agreement was not a condition to receiving medical care. The appeals court also held that because Walker was neither aware of the agreement nor had taken any action to enforce it, it was improper to enforce the agreement against him. Finally, the appeals court determined that it was immaterial whether Walker was an agent of the medical facility because the “agency” exception only allows agents to bind principals by their actions, rather than vice versa.

The general rule is that a person is not bound by an arbitration agreement unless he has signed it. The exceptions to this rule are very limited. The “agency” exception allows agents to bind principals to agreements, including agreements to arbitrate, but the opposite is not true.

Keywords: alternative dispute resolution, litigation, Massachusetts Arbitration Act, Federal Arbitration Act, nonsignatories, agency, estoppel.

Author

Scott D. Simon

Scott D. Simon represents companies and individuals in bankruptcy proceedings, complex commercial and construction litigation, and general corporate matters. During law school, Scott was Associate Editor of the Fordham Law Review. He has authored multiple publications for the ABA Section of Litigation News & Developments, Real Estate Weekly, and Fordham Law Review.

LEARN MORE >